Midterm #2 Study Guide Bio

Bio 180 Winter 2004: A guide for studying for the diversity of life - Protists through Fungi The test covering the diversity of life will be based primarily on class material, but you will be responsible for the reading as well. The best approach to studying for the diversity of life section will come from review of your lecture notes, study questions, and reading assignments. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with these resources, and lists most of the major concepts and terms covered in the lectures from 2_8 through 2_14. General Phylogeny vs. Taxonomy (in reading - Box 27.1) Phylogeny - The evolutionary history of a group of organisms Taxonomy - Naming and classification of species and groups of species Order of evolution, common ancestor points for Protists, Eukaryotes, Fungi, plants, animals. Monophyletic vs. Paraphyletic Groups. - Check Alternation of generations: what is it, identify groups where it occurs, what groups have sporophyte dominant, what groups have gametophyte dominant. Why might it matter? Def? A life cycle that involves multicellular haploid (1n, gametophyte), and multicellular diploid (2n, sporophyte). Occurs in all plants and some protests Sporophyte dominant - Ferns, Esp. gymnosperms and angiosperms Gametophyte dominant - Algae and mosses Defining differences between the following groups: Bacteria- Circular DNA, No nucleus, No Organelles, Mostly unicellular, Mitosis, Peptidoglycan Archaea- No nucleus, Circular Chromosome, No Organelles, Unicellular, Similar processes to Eukaryotes Protists- Eukaryotes except for green plants, animals, or fungi Eukaryotes- Cell Nucleus Within Eukaryota - defining differences between plants and fungi Fungi- Chitin for structure, glycogen for carbon storage, flagella morphology Plants- Lignin for structure, Starch for carbon storage Protists: Evolutionary innovation in Protists: Compartmentalization of Function, Cells 10x larger, Nucleus, Straight DNA, Cytoskeleton, Evagination Problems, Solutions and advantages of increased cell size Advantages- New ways to make living, predation, endosymbiosis Problems- Movement of food and waste Solutions- How do the Protists obtain energy? Chloraplasts and Mitochondria Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET) Mitochondra evolved from aerobic bacteria living within their host cell Chlorplasts evolved from endosymbiotic Cyanobacteria What do different parties involved in Serial Endosymbiotic Theory provide and receive? Chloraplast- Receive CO2 + H2O = Sugar Mitochondria- Sugar + O2 = ATP, CO2, H2O Evidence for Emdoysmbiotic theory Phylogenetic Evidence Replication, Ribosomes of M&C Genomes of M&C Plants: What are plants, and what distinguishes them from algae? Water retention, seeds, food water waste transport, Pores, Retention of embryo on parent, Alternation of generations, Cuticle Major groups of plants and key characteristics Bryophytes- No Vascular, No seeds, No support Pterophytes- Vascular, No seeds, No support Gymnosperms- Vascular, Seeds, Support Angiosperms- Vascular, Seeds, Support, Flowers Basic life cycle of plants, and major changes in life-cycle from Mosses through Angiosperms Where do we think land plants first evolved? From what ancestor? Charales (Green Algae) How did plants colonize land? Problems with a terrestrial lifestyle, solutions (adaptations), the order of their appearance, and first groups to have them Water Retention- Cuticle (Liverworts), Pores (Liverworts), Stomata (hornworts) Transporting water- Water conduction cells vascular (Early vascular plants), Tracheids (lychophytes), Vessels (Gnetophytes, and Angiosperms) Transporting gametes w/o water- Gravity- Advantages of wind vs. animal pollination Plant strategies to attract pollinators: Animal Pollination: advantages for plant (what is a plant looking for in a pollinator?) advantages for pollinator (what is a pollinator looking for in a plant?) Coevolution - definition and example Advantages of seed dispersal, adaptations for seed dispersal Fungi What are they? Closely related to animals based on? Examples from each of the five major groups. What is the main feeding strategy? What adaptations support this strategy? Fungi and the carbon cycle Fungi, lignin and Cellulose Can fungi use energy from breakdown of lignin? Why or why not? Ectomycorrhizal and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: what is different about their association with host roots? What do they provide their hosts, what do they get from their hosts? What are Lichens? Why can they live in areas where free living algae can't? Phyla, organisms, and branches on the tree of life: Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Protists (not really a branch, know why) Charophytes Land plants Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Fungi Chytridiomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Terms from protists: Serial Endoysmbiotic Theory Mitochondria Chloroplast Flagella Cilia Alternation of generations Traits and terms from plants: Cuticle Stomata Vascular tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers and fruits Sporophyte Gametophyte Spores Gametes Cellulose Starch Lignin Traits and terms from fungi: Chitin Glycogen Hyphae mycelium Lichens Species interactions: Autotroph (protist lecture and P. 489) Hererotroph (protist lecture and P. 489) Herbivory Predation Parasitism Mutualism Decomposition Coevolution Commensalism Key dates in the history of life: 4.5 billion years ago - Origin of earth 3.6 billion years ago - origin of unicellular life 3.5 billion years ago - Prokaryote Bacteria dominate 2.5 billion years ago - Oxygen accumulates in atmosphere 1.7-1.8 billion years ago - origin of eukaryotes and archaea 900 million years ago - fungi evolve 500 million years ago - Explosion of multicellular Eukaryotes 480 million years ago - land plants evolve, CO2 drops 400 million years ago - bryophytes and seedless vascular plants diversify 375 million years ago - Vascular Plants begin to dominate 300 million years ago - Carboniferous period of abundant seedless vascular plants. Coal formed. CO2 drops. 275-145 million years ago - Gymnosperms abundant. CO2 drops 250 million years ago - Permian-Triassic mass extinction. CO2 increases 140 million years ago - Angiosperms diversify 15,000 year ago - advent of agriculture NOW: Deforestation and fossil fuel burning.